E-cigarettes may be more effective than nicotine patches for pregnant women trying to quit smoking, research led by Queen Mary University of London and funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), has found.
Smoking in pregnancy can harm developing babies, especially their growth. Current guidelines recommend that pregnant smokers who find quitting difficult should be provided with nicotine replacements products, and stop-smoking services usually recommend nicotine patches.
This research, published in NIHR Journals Library, suggests that pregnant women should also consider e-cigarettes.
“E-cigarettes seem more effective than nicotine patches in helping pregnant women to quit smoking and because of this, they seem to also lead to better pregnancy outcomes,” Peter Hajek, Director of Health and Lifestyle Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London said.
“The evidence-based advice to smokers already includes, among other options, a recommendation to switch from smoking to e-cigarettes. Such a recommendation can now be extended to smokers who are pregnant as well.”
The study included 1,140 pregnant women who were trying to stop smoking. They were divided into two groups, half of the women receiving e-cigarettes and the other half nicotine patches. Both approaches were equally safe. The only meaningful difference was that fewer women in the e-cigarette group had children with low birthweight (weighing less than 2.5 Kg).
The researchers say this is most likely because e-cigarettes were more effective in reducing the use of conventional cigarettes. Low birthweight has been linked with poor health later in life.
At the end of their pregnancy, women reported whether they had quit. However, some women had quit smoking using a product they were not assigned, mostly women given patches stopping with the help of e-cigarettes they had procured for themselves.
When the researchers looked at successful quitters who only used the treatment they were allocated, almost twice as many women quit with e-cigarettes than with nicotine patches.
The researchers looked at safety outcomes, including low birthweight, baby intensive care admissions, miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth.
It is not clear whether nicotine is harmful to developing babies. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) states that most health problems are caused by toxins other than nicotine in cigarettes and therefore recommends that nicotine replacement therapy (such as nicotine patches, gum and mouth spray) is considered alongside behavioural support. However, most pregnant women still struggle to quit.
E-cigarettes can be seen as a form of nicotine replacement therapy, but they have an advantage over nicotine gum and patches in allowing smokers to select strength and flavours they like and make the transition to stopping smoking easier, the researchers noted, adding that this is most likely why e-cigarettes have been shown more effective than the traditional nicotine replacement therapy in people who are not pregnant.
Brian McLister